It may not be the most exciting part of sushi, but the rice, known as sushimeshi (鮨飯) in Japanese, is what makes sushi, sushi. It's made by cooking Japanese short-grain rice, which is then seasoned with a mixture of rice vinegar, sugar, and salt. It's worth noting that in the US, uncooked Japanese-style rice is sometimes labeled "sushi rice."
In Japan, where hundreds of varieties of fresh fish are available at local fish markets, the best sushi restaurants differentiate themselves based on their technique, not just the variety and quality of their fish. Sushi rice, in particular, separates the truly extraordinary restaurants from the merely good.
Excellent sushi rice teeters the line between tender and firm. Each grain of rice retains its original shape, and yet they magically stick together, without being gluey or gummy. The seasoning is a balancing act between sweet, sour and salt and the rice should be well seasoned, but not so much so that it detracts from the fish. Most importantly, each grain of sushi rice should sport a lustrous shine that would make a shampoo model jealous.
Sashimi (刺身) is the Japanese word for a dish made with sliced raw fish. Sushi takes many forms, and may or may not include raw fish, but the common thread is that sushi always includes sushi rice. Some examples of sushi include makisushi (sushi rolls), nigirisushi, chirashizushi(sushi bowl), temakisushi (handrolls), and gunkan(battleship).
By some accounts, the word sushi is a contraction of the words su, which means "vinegar" and meshi, which means "rice." One of sushi's earliest iterations in Japan is what's known as narezushi (馴れ寿司). Fish was salted and then buried in cooked rice and allowed to ferment. The ensuing lacto-fermentation would break down the rice, lowering the pH and preserving the fish. Eventually, someone figured out that adding vinegar to the mixture would shorten the fermentation time making the fish taste better.
The next step in the evolution of sushi happened near Osaka, where the fish was salted, vinegared, and pressed onto a bed of sushi rice using a wooden mold. The bar of sushi would then be cut into bite-size pieces. This style of sushi is known as oshizushi (押し寿司), or pressed sushi, and is still popular in the region, especially for bento since the vinegar helps preserve the fish.
The style of sushi we enjoy today wasn't developed until the Edo Period. Edo, the former name of Tokyo, was situated next to a bay which was teaming with seafood. Around 200 years ago, an enterprising chef started topping small balls of sushi rice with the fresh fish from Edo bay without curing it first. Never before had the preparation of sushi been so easy or fast, and so nigiri sushi was brought into this world as an early form of fast-food, sold out of stalls near the bay. 
Not all rice is not created equally. Long-grain rice, such as Basmati or Jasmine rice tends to have a dry fluffy texture and the grains don't stick together thanks to a high ratio of Amylose to Amylopectin, making it unsuitable for this sushi rice recipe. This also causes long-grain rice to get hard as it cools. Short grain rice, on the other hand, has a higher ratio of Amylopectin to Amylose. This not only makes the rice sticky, but it also helps keep the rice soft, even after cooling.
There are many different kinds of short-grain rice, but if you're planning on making sushi, I recommend looking for Japanese short grain rice. Even amongst Japanese rice, there are dozens of varieties. Each one with variations in texture, color, and shine that's affected by where it was grown, what the weather was like that season, how it was milled, and even how fresh it is. A pound of recently harvested premium rice can fetch upwards of $20 in Japan. Unfortunately, you won't find quite the selection of rice here in your local grocery store, but looking for rice labeled as "new crop" is a good start.
A lot of the Japanese-style rice sold in the US is from two cultivars, Calrose, and Kokuho Rose, which are actually medium-grain rice. While they can be used for sushi, they're not ideal, as medium grain rice has a lower Amylopectin content than short-grain rice.
Sushi rice is made with cooked Japanese short-grain rice, rice vinegar, sugar, and salt.
Sushi vinegar is the seasoning used to flavor sushi rice. It's typically made with rice vinegar, sugar and salt, but it can also be purchased pre-blended in a bottle. That being said, making sushi vinegar is ridiculously easy, and I don't recommend buying the bottled kind because they are loaded with additives.
Cooling the rice as the seasoning is folded in, is a part of the process of making sushi rice. That being said, it does not need to be cooled to room temperature, and some sushi chefs like to use luke-warm rice.
The first step in making sushi rice is to wash the rice thoroughly under cold water. This removes any remnants of bran and extra starch that's still on the rice from the milling process. For the best texture, it's essential to let the rice soak in cold water for at least 30 minutes before you start cooking it. This allows the rice to rehydrate, preventing textural problems that can occur when dry rice is suddenly boiled.
Once the rice has soaked, it's cooked with a little lower water ratio than you would typically use for the quantity of rice. This keeps the rice from getting mushy when you mix it with the sushi vinegar. The rice then needs to be steamed to complete the cooking process. Though a rice cooker is easiest for cooking the rice, this sushi rice recipe also includes instructions for cooking on the stove in a small saucepan.
Finally, the hot cooked rice is folded together with sushi vinegar while being rapidly cooled. You want to do this in a container, like a sushi oke, with as much surface area as possible so the rice can be spread out and cooled with a fan. This helps evaporate the excess moisture, which not only gives the rice a glossy finish, it also keeps it from absorbing too much liquid and getting soggy. 
Sushi rice is delicious as is, or it can be used to make various kinds of sushi such as rolls, temaki, gunkan, Chirashizushi, or Nigiri sushi. Sometimes I like to mix it with ground sesame seeds, or minced Japanese pickles to pack into a bento box lunch. You can also make donburi or rice bowls with it by topping the sushi rice with your favorite seafood and vegetables such as crab, tuna, and avocado. I also love Poke over sushi rice.
This recipe makes about 700 grams (25 ounces) of sushi rice. It depends on the type of rolls you make and how thick you lay the rice, but it should make anywhere from 5-7 thinner rolls (half sheet of nori), or 4-5 thicker rolls (full-sheet of nori).
I usually make a large batch of sushi vinegar and store it in a bottle. As long as the sugar and salt are fully dissolved, this will keep in the refrigerator for months. Then you want to make sushi rice, you can use ⅓ US cup of sushi vinegar for every 2 rice cooker cups of uncooked rice after you've cooked it according to the directions in this recipe.
Sushi Recipes
- California Rolls
- Spicy Tuna Rolls (3 ways)
- Temaki Sushi
📖 Recipe
Units
Ingredients
- 310 grams Japanese short-grain rice (2 cooker cups)
- 1 ½ cups cold water
- 4 tablespoons rice vinegar
- 3 tablespoons granulated sugar
- 1 teaspoon salt
Instructions
- Put the rice in a sieve(with holes small enough so the rice doesn't pass through) over a bowl and rinse the rice with cold tap water.
- Use your hands to remove the excess starch off each grain of rice by using a gentle rubbing motion. If you scrub too hard you will break the rice, so don't be too rough.
- When the water that runs off is mostly clear, drain the rice.
- If you're using a rice cooker, add the rice to the bowl of the rice cooker and add cold water to just under the 2 cup line (you want the rice to be on the firm side as you'll be adding the seasoned vinegar after the rice is cooked). If you're using the stove, add the rice to a small heavy bottomed non-stick pot, then add 1 ½ cups of cold water and cover it with a lid.
- Ideally you want to let the rice sit in the water for at least 30 minutes before you start cooking it. This allows the grains of rice to soak up some water before cooking, which results in shinier rice with a better texture.
- If you are using a rice cooker, turn it on and let it do it's thing. If you are doing this on the stovetop, turn the heat onto high and bring the rice to a boil (be careful not to let it boil over). Turn down the heat to low and set a timer for 15 minutes. Once the rice is done, turn off the heat and let the rice steam for 10 minutes.
- While you wait for the rice to cook, combine the vinegar, sugar and salt in a small bowl. You can microwave it for a bit to help dissolve the sugar.
- After the rice has had a chance to steam, it should be firm, but the core should not be crunchy. It should be sticky, but each grain of rice should retain its own shape. If your rice was fresh, the surface of each grain should be glossy.
- Dump the rice out into a very large bowl or sushi oke (the wooden bowl in the photo). The key is that you want a container with a lot of surface area so you can spread the rice out to cool it rapidly. Gently flatten out the rice and then pour the vinegar mixture evenly over the hot rice.
- Use a shamoji (rice paddle), spatula or a flat wooden spoon to gently combine the rice and vinegar using a side-to-side cutting motion followed by a folding motion. You want to separate each grain of rice, so the vinegar penetrates every surface, but you don't want to break the grains of rice or mash them together.
- While you mix the rice, hold a fan or piece of cardboard, or a clean hairdryer set to cool and blow air on the rice. This cools the sushi rice and helps the excess liquid evaporate quickly, which gives your rice a nice shine and prevents it from getting mushy. It's a bit tricky mixing and fanning at the same time, so a second set of hands can be helpful here.
- The sushi rice is done when the surface is no longer wet and slippery, the rice is fluffy, and each grain is very shiny. It will still be a little warm, but it should not be hot.
- Mound up the rice, and cover with a damp towel until you're ready to use it.
Marc Matsumoto says
Hi @nime, I responded to a similar comment a while ago, but many sushi restaurants use a premixed vinegar that already has corn syrup and salt mixed in (along with MSG and preservatives). This is probably why they did not add salt. If you're going to be making sushi rice at home I'd suggest buying rice vinegar (it shouldn't have any salt or sugar or anything else in the ingredient list other than rice vinegar and water).
Tammy says
Used this to make sushi tonight! It was perfect!
Benjamin Zuckerman says
Hi Tammy: be very careful! Once you realize how easy it is to make great sushi rice, making sushi at home will quickly become quite addictive, and you may find yourself with a houseful of hungry friends more than just one a week.....
Marife Basi says
Hi! you're so intelligent. thanks for teaching us. i am fun of sushi. but now i'm going to make for my own. i've got all the ingredients from oriental supermarket here in bahrain. i'm so inLOVE of sushi....aaaaah! Thanks! 🙂
Lisa says
I want to keep salt and sugar out of my diet. Would using rice vinegar (with nothing else in it) an sushi rice be good enough? What would you suggest?
Marc Matsumoto says
Hi Lisa, I respect the fact that you're thinking about your diet, but making sushi rice without sugar and salt is like making a strawberry milkshake without milk or sugar. How you make it is up to you but since it sounds like you're asking my opinion I don't think it will taste very good.
udo says
yes you can also i add a bit of vodka and rum sissolve with vinegar, you just have to try it, it worked for me
snowpoke says
Try to not use a metal bowl as shown in the picture as there's a natural chemical reaction between metal and vinegar which can cause discoloration or a 'metallic' taste.
Marc Matsumoto says
Hi Snowpoke, ideally you'd use a wooden tub called a hangiri as it provides the largest surface area to spread the rice and absorbs some of the excess moisture, but since most people don't have one, any large bowl will due provided it is non reactive (glass or stainless steel). The bowl in the photo is stainless.
Gerda Bryan says
My son no is diabetic can I use Splenda instead ?
Marc Matsumoto says
Hi Gerda, I hate the taste of Splenda, so I'm probably the wrong person to ask, but you could certainly try it. Also, I'm sure you're aware of this, but white rice has a very high glycemic index, so maybe use brown rice?
Katie @ Produce on Parade says
Hi Marc! I have two questions: 1. About how many rolls (logs) of sushi will this supply? 2. I know this question is kind of crazy but I'm curious...in a pinch, could one use Arborio rice as a substitute for short white sushi rice? Or, would Jasmine be better? I confess those are the only two rice varieties I have on hand, other than red rice. Thanks so much for your help!
Marc Matsumoto says
Hi Katie, so the number of rolls this makes will depend on the type of roll you make (hosomaki vs futomaki vs uramaki) as well as how thick you make the layer of rice. I guess if I had to make a ballpark estimate I'd say 6-8. As for arborio, I've never tried cooking it like japanese rice so I'm not sure. That said, I have gone the other way around and used sushi rice for risotto(it works well), so it's possible it could work. As for jasmine, it will not work. It's a long grain rice and will not stick together enough to make a roll.
httr says
Gerda, Splenda is more harmful than helpful to anyone no matter what health issues they may or may not have (I wish they would ban it). Simply put Spenda is poison. Please try to find a healthy alternative, I say this out of respect b/c I care. Stay away from synthetic junk & try to stay as close to nature as possible.
Barbara Cooke says
Used this for a guideline. My rice was done to perfection in about 10 mins. I did use Splenda instead of sugar. The taste was out of this world